Federal Bank Fraud — 18 U.S.C. § 1344

Federal prosecution of check kiting, loan fraud, and schemes against financial institutions

By John Kirby

Federal Criminal Defense Attorney • Arizona • California • Federal Courts Nationwide

2026-07-03

Bank fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1344 is a serious federal offense that targets financial institutions such as banks and credit unions. This statute criminalizes schemes to defraud these institutions or obtaining money, property, or other assets from them through false pretenses, representations, or promises. The penalties for bank fraud can be severe, including lengthy prison sentences, substantial fines, and forfeiture of any proceeds derived from the crime.

The Scope of Financial Institutions Covered

Under 18 U.S.C. § 1344, a "financial institution" includes entities insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as well as credit unions. This broad definition ensures that any scheme to defraud or misrepresent information to obtain property from these institutions falls within the ambit of federal law.

When evaluating whether an entity qualifies as a financial institution under this statute, courts look at several factors:

• The nature and purpose of the entity's operations
• The extent of FDIC insurance coverage
• The regulatory oversight by banking authorities

Schemes to Defraud: A Closer Look

18 U.S.C. § 1344(a) specifically addresses schemes that intend to defraud a financial institution or obtain property from such institutions through false pretenses. These schemes can take many forms:

• Check Kiting: This involves writing checks on one account and depositing them into another, creating the illusion of funds available in both accounts.
• Mortgage Fraud: Falsifying information in mortgage applications to secure loans or favorable terms for real estate purchases.
• PPP Loan Fraud: Submitting false documents or making exaggerated claims about business needs during the pandemic to obtain Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) funds.

The Meaning of 'False Pretenses'

Under 18 U.S.C. § 1344(b), obtaining property through false pretenses, representations, or promises is also illegal when targeting financial institutions. To establish a violation under this section, the prosecution must prove that:

• The defendant made materially false statements.
• These statements were intended to influence or deceive the bank into providing goods, services, or property.
• The bank relied on these statements in making its decision.

Loss Calculation Methodology and Guidelines

In determining sentencing for federal bank fraud cases, courts utilize the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines to calculate the total financial loss attributable to the defendant's actions. This involves assessing:

• The actual monetary losses suffered by the institution.
• Potential losses that were reasonably foreseeable and could have occurred due to the scheme.

For instance, in United States v. Kelly, the court emphasized the importance of accurately calculating loss amounts to ensure fair sentencing. This method helps in balancing punishment with rehabilitation and public safety concerns.

Practical Implications and Defense Considerations

If you or a loved one is facing charges under 18 U.S.C. § 1344, it’s crucial to understand the specific allegations and how they fit within the legal framework of bank fraud. Here are some key considerations:

• Investigation Defense: Challenging the methods used by law enforcement in gathering evidence can be critical.
• Lack of Intent: Proving that the defendant did not intend to defraud or misrepresent information is a strong defense strategy.
• Quantifying Losses: Disputing the calculation of losses as presented by prosecutors can affect sentencing severity.

Federal bank fraud cases are complex and require thorough legal representation. A skilled attorney will help navigate these intricate legal issues to achieve the best possible outcome for your case.

John Kirby

Cornell University Honors Graduate • Federal Criminal Defense Attorney

Licensed in Arizona, California, and federal courts nationwide. Decades of federal criminal defense experience. For direct representation, contact Kirby Criminal Law.