Federal Healthcare Fraud — 18 U.S.C. § 1347

Medicare fraud, kickbacks, and the Stark Law in federal prosecutions

By John Kirby

Federal Criminal Defense Attorney • Arizona • California • Federal Courts Nationwide

2026-07-03

Federal Healthcare Fraud: Understanding 18 U.S.C. § 1347 and Beyond

Healthcare fraud is a serious offense in the United States, carrying severe penalties that can devastate individuals and organizations involved in the healthcare industry. At its core, federal healthcare fraud involves deceitful acts intended to defraud any program or entity receiving federal financial assistance for health care under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act (Medicare) and any state Medicaid programs.

The primary statute governing healthcare fraud is 18 U.S.C. § 1347, which extends the provisions of mail and wire fraud to specifically include schemes involving false or fraudulent claims to any program receiving federal financial assistance for health care. This means that submitting a single claim with an intent to defraud can trigger federal prosecution.

But healthcare fraud isn't just about direct claims fraud; it encompasses a broad range of activities designed to improperly influence the referral of healthcare services, procurement of medical equipment and supplies, and other aspects of healthcare provision.

The Broader Legal Framework: Anti-Kickback Statute and Stark Law

When discussing federal healthcare fraud, two additional statutes must be understood:

• The Anti-Kickback Statute (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b): This law prohibits individuals or entities from offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving anything of value in exchange for referrals of federal healthcare program business. Violations can occur through direct payments, lavish gifts, or even disguised schemes like sham consulting arrangements.
• The Stark Law (42 U.S.C. § 1395nn): This law prohibits physicians from referring Medicare patients to entities in which the physician has a financial interest, unless an exception applies. The intent is to prevent self-referrals that could result in unnecessary services and inflated costs.

These statutes work together to create a complex web of regulations designed to protect the integrity of federal healthcare programs from fraudulent activities and conflicts of interest.

Penalizing Fraud: False Claims Act and Sentencing Guidelines

The legal consequences for violating these laws are severe. Beyond 18 U.S.C. § 1347, the False Claims Act (FCA) at 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733 provides another powerful tool against healthcare fraud.

• False Claims Act: The FCA allows for treble damages and penalties for anyone who knowingly submits false claims to the government, including those related to Medicare and Medicaid.

Sentencing under federal law takes into account both the monetary loss caused by the fraud and the number of victims affected. For example, a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1347 can result in imprisonment for up to ten years, along with substantial fines and potential restitution orders.

Consider United States v. Caronia, where a sales representative was convicted of conspiring to violate the Anti-Kickback Statute by promoting an off-label use of a drug. This case highlights how aggressive enforcement can extend beyond financial kickbacks to encompass other forms of inducement.

The Sentencing Guidelines further amplify these penalties, considering aggravating factors such as fraudulent schemes targeting vulnerable populations or involving large-scale organizations.

Strategies and Initiatives: HEAT Strike Force

Federal law enforcement agencies have developed sophisticated strategies to combat healthcare fraud. One notable initiative is the Health Care Fraud Prevention and Enforcement Action Team (HEAT), which includes a network of strike forces targeting specific regions or industries within the healthcare sector.

Strike forces typically involve collaboration between federal, state, and local authorities, leveraging resources and expertise to identify and prosecute large-scale fraud schemes. These teams often focus on areas like home health services, durable medical equipment, and prescription drug programs where fraud is prevalent.

The impact of these efforts can be significant: In one year alone, HEAT strike forces recovered over $1 billion from fraudulent healthcare providers.

Key Takeaways for Healthcare Providers

"Navigating the legal landscape of federal healthcare regulations requires vigilance and a deep understanding of both statutory prohibitions and enforcement trends."

To avoid running afoul of these laws:

• Stay Informed: Regularly review updates to statutes, regulations, and guidance documents from agencies like HHS-OIG.
• Educate Staff: Conduct thorough training programs on compliance with healthcare fraud laws for all employees involved in billing or referral practices.
• Implement Compliance Programs: Develop robust internal controls, monitor financial transactions closely, and encourage a culture of transparency.

The complexity of federal healthcare regulations demands careful adherence to legal requirements. By understanding the statutes, recognizing enforcement trends, and implementing effective compliance measures, healthcare providers can safeguard their organizations from costly legal repercussions.

John Kirby

Cornell University Honors Graduate • Federal Criminal Defense Attorney

Licensed in Arizona, California, and federal courts nationwide. Decades of federal criminal defense experience. For direct representation, contact Kirby Criminal Law.